Correction of cellular and humoral links immunity in piglets under the weaning condition
Abstract
Preventing the development of immunodeficiencies in piglets after weaning is achievable through the parenteral administration of fat-soluble vitamins, macroand microelements, and by analysing their effects on the dynamics of changes in the number and functional activity of T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a complex liposomal preparation on the cellular and humoral components of the piglet immune system after weaning. A standardised methodology was used to determine the number of different populations and subpopulations of T-lymphocytes in piglet blood samples collected before and at specific intervals after weaning. The analysis of the quantitative composition of T- and B-lymphocytes and the functional activity of T lymphocytes in the blast transformation reaction was conducted using immersion microscopy of smears. The statistical processing of results was carried out through variational nonparametric analysis using biometric methods. The findings revealed that weaning from sows caused a reduction in the number of T-cells of varying degrees of avidity, a decrease in the relative number of T-suppressors in piglets’ blood, and an increase in the number of certain subpopulations of T-helper cells. Conversely, the administration of the liposomal preparation to piglets enhanced the number of various subpopulations of total and active T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in their blood after weaning and increased the activity of lymphoid cells in the blast transformation reaction with phytohaemagglutinin. The observed immunomodulatory effect of the tested drug is attributed to the synergistic combination of fat-soluble vitamins, mineral elements, and arginine in its composition, which effectively prevented the development of stress-induced immunodeficiency in piglets following weaning
Keywords
immunodeficiencies; liposomal preparation; lymphocytes populations; weaning; stress; arginine
[1] Ao, T., Kikuta, J., & Ishii, M. (2021). The effects of vitamin D on immune system and inflammatory diseases. Biomolecules, 11(11), artcle number 1624. doi: 10.3390/biom11111624.
[2] Buchko, O., Havryliak, V., Yaremkevych, O., Pryimych, V., & Tkachuk, V. (2024) The effect of nettle extract on antioxidant defense system in piglets after weaning. Studia Biologica, 18(1), 31-42. doi: 10.30970/ sbi.1801.756.
[3] Cerda, A.M., Garcia, C.M., & Foster, C.S. (2022). The cells of the immune system. In Albert and Jakobiec’s principles and practice of ophthalmology (pp. 777-808). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_330.
[4] Cyprian, F., Lefkou, E., Varoudi, K., & Girardi, G. (2019). Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in pregnancy and beyond. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, article number 2739. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02739.
[5] Da Silva Duarte, G.B., Reis, B.Z., & Rogero, M.M. (2022). Role of micronutrients zinc and selenium in inflammation and oxidative stress. In Current advances for development of functional foods modulating inflammation and oxidative stress (pp. 181-188). Cambridge: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823482-2.00021-2.
[6] Da Silva Lima, F., Da Silva Gonсalves, C.E., & Fock, R.A. (2023). Zinc and aging: A narrative review of the effects on hematopoiesis and its link with diseases. Nutrition Reviews, 82(8), 1125-1137. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad115.
[7] European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. (1986). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168007a67b.
[8] Fisher, S.A., Rahimzadeh, M., Brierley, C., Gration, B., Doree, C., Kimber, C.E., Cajide, A.P., Lamikanra, A.A., & Roberts, D.J. (2019). The role of vitamin D in increasing circulating T regulatory cell numbers and modulating T regulatory cell phenotypes in patients with inflammatory disease or in healthy volunteers: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 14, article number e0222313. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222313.
[9] Foglia, B., Novo, E., Protopapa, F., Maggiora, M., Bocca, C., Cannito, S., & Parola, M. (2021). Hypoxia, hypoxiainducible factors and liver fibrosis. Cells, 10(7), article number 1764. doi: 10.3390/cells10071764.
[10] Hao, Yu., Xing, M., & Gu, X. (2021). Research progress on oxidative stress and its nutritional regulation strategies in pigs. Animals (Basel), 11(5), article number 1384. doi: 10.3390/ani11051384 article number.
[11] ISO/IEC 17025:2005. (2006). Retrieved from http://online.budstandart.com/ua/catalog/doc-page.html?id_ doc=50873.
[12] Jahangiri, B., Saei, A.K., Obi, P.O., Asghari, N., Lorzadeh, S., Hekmatirad, S., Rahmati, M., Velayatipour, F., Asghari, M.H., Saleem, A., & Moosavi, M.A. (2022). Exosomes, autophagy and ER stress pathways in human diseases: Cross-regulation and therapeutic approaches. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Basis of Disease, 1868(10), article number 166484. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166484.
[13] Jia, P., Ji, S., Zhang, H., Chen, & Y., Wang, T. (2020). Piceatannol ameliorates hepatic oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction of weaned piglets challenged with diquat, tian wang. Animals (Basel), 10(7), article number 1239. doi: 10.3390/ani10071239.
[14] Khariv, M., Gutyj, B., Ohorodnyk, N., Vishchur, O., Khariv, I., Solovodzinska, I., Mudrak, D., Grymak, C., & Bodnar, P. (2017). Activity of the T- and B-system of the cell immunity of animals under conditions of oxidation stress and effects of the liposomal drug. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 536-541. doi: 10.15421/2017_157.
[15] Kosiorek, M., & Wyszkowski, M. (2019). Effect of cobalt on the environment and living organisms – a review. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 17(5), 11419-11449. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1705_1141911449.
[16] Lauridsen, C., Matte, J.J., Lessard, M., Celi, P., & Litta, G. (2021). Role of vitamins for gastro-intestinal functionality and health of pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 273, article number 114823. doi: 10.1016/j. anifeedsci.2021.114823.
[17] Law of Ukraine No. 249 “On the Procedure for Carrying out Experiments and Experiments on Animals by Scientific Institutions”. (2012, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0416-12#Text.
[18] Liang, S., Cai, J., Li, Y., & Yang, R. (2019). 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 induces macrophage polarization to M2 by upregulating T-cell Ig-mucin-3 expression. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19(5), 3707-3713. doi: 10.3892/ mmr.2019.10047.
[19] Liu, P., Chen, G., & Zhang, J. (2022). A review of liposomes as a drug delivery system: Current status of approved products, regulatory environments, and future perspectives. Molecules, 27(4), article number 1372. doi: 10.3390/ molecules27041372.
[20] Luppi, A., D’Annunzio, G., Torreggiani, C., & Martelli, P. (2023). Diagnostic approach to enteric disorders in pigs. Animals, 13(3), article number 338. doi: 10.3390/ani13030338.
[21] Lykhopiy, V., Malviya, V., Humblet-Baron, S., & Schlenner S.M. (2023). IL-2 immunotherapy for targeting regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Genes & Immunity, 24, 248-262. doi: 10.1038/s41435-023-00221-y.
[22] Mussbacher, M., Salzmann, M., Brostjan, C., Hoesel, B., Schoergenhofer, C., Datler, H., Hohensinner, P., Basilio, J., Petzelbauer, P., Assinger, A., & Schmid, J.A. (2019). Cell type-specific roles of NF-κB linking inflammation and thrombosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, article number 85. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00085.
[23] Niederlova, V., Tsyklauri, O., Kovar, M., & Stepanek, O. (2023). IL-2-driven CD8+ T cell phenotypes: Implications for immunotherapy. Trends in Immunology, 44(11), 890-901. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2023.09.003.
[24] Nsairat, H., Khater, D., Sayed, U., Odeh, F., Al Bawab, A., & Alshaer, W. (2022). Liposomes: Structure, composition, types, and clinical applications. Heliyon, 8(5), article number e09394. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09394.
[25] Ohorodnyk, N.Z., Smolaninov, K.B., & Ratskiy, M.R. (2017). Cellular and humoral immunity of carp at the action of biologically active additives. Agricultural Science and Practice, 4(1), 70-73. doi: 10.15407/agrisp4.01.070.
[26] Ouyang, W., & O’Garra, A. (2019). IL-10 family cytokines IL-10 and IL-22: From basic science to clinical translation. Immunity, 50, 871-891. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.020.
[27] Parra-Llorca, A., Pinilla-Gonzlez, A., Torrejоn-Rodrіguez, L., Lara-Cantоn, I., Kuligowski, J., Collado, M.C., Gormaz, M., Aguar, M., Vento, M., Serna, E., & Cernada, M. (2023). Effects of sepsis on immune response, microbiome and oxidative metabolism in preterm infants. Children, 10(3), article number 602. doi: 10.3390/ children10030602.
[28] Pedrazini, M.C., Martinez, E.F., dos Santos, V.A.B., & Groppo F.C. (2024). L-arginine: Its role in human physiology, in some diseases and mainly in viral multiplication as a narrative literature review. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10, article number 99. doi: 10.1186/s43094-024-00673-7.
[29] Prasad, A.S. (2020). Lessons learned from experimental human model of zinc deficiency. Journal of Immunology Research, 2020, article number 9207279. doi: 10.1155/2020/9207279.
[30] Raeber, M.E., Sahin, D., Karakus, U., & Boyman, O. (2023). A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases. EBioMedicine, 90, article number 104539. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104539.
[31] Rastogi, I., Jeon, D., Moseman, J.E., Muralidhar, A., Potluri, H.K., & McNeel, D.G. (2022). Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, article number 954936. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936.
[32] Rodriguez-Mogeda, C., et al. (2024). Intrathecal IgG and IgM synthesis correlates with neurodegeneration markers and corresponds to meningeal B cell presence in MS. Scientific Reports, 14, article number 25540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76969-8.
[33] Rufino-Moya, P.J., Joy, M., LobОn, S., Bertolіn, J.R., & Blanco, M. (2020). Carotenoids and liposoluble vitamins in the plasma and tissues of light lambs given different maternal feedings and fattening concentrates. Animals, 10(10), article number 1813. doi: 10.3390/ani10101813.
[34] Rybtsova, N., Berezina, T.N., & Rybtsov, S. (2023). Molecular markers of blood cell populations can help estimate aging of the immune system. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), article number 5708. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065708.
[35] Shimasaki, N., Jain, A., & Campana, D. (2020). NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 19, 200-218. doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0052-1.
[36] Sіrbe, C., Rednic, S., Grama, A., & Pop, T.L. (2022). An update on the effects of vitamin D on the immune system and autoimmune diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17), article number 9784. doi: 10.3390/ijms23179784.
[37] Vieyra-Lobato, M.R., Vela-Ojeda, J., Montiel-Cervantes, L., Lоpez-Santiago, R., & Moreno-Lafont, M.C. (2018). Description of CD8+ regulatory T lymphocytes and their specific intervention in graft-versus-host and infectious diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. Journal of Immunology Research, 16, article number 3758713. doi: 10.1155/2018/3758713.
[38] Vishchur, O.I., Ohorodnyk, N.Z., & Leshovska, N.M. (2007). Method of determination of T-cell immunity. Kyiv.
[39] Vlizlо, V.V. (2012). Laboratory methods of researches in biology, livestock and veterinary medicine. Lviv: SPOLOM.
[40] Xie, Q., Ding, J., & Chen, Y. (2021). Role of CD8+ T lymphocyte cells: Interplay with stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 11(6), 1365-1378. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.027.