Development of a system for recycling used batteries and lead-containing batteries: Assessment of the economic effect with minimising damage to the environment
Abstract
The relevance of the subject under study is determined by the issues of practical application of charging batteries and accumulators after the completion of the declared technical lifetime, in connection with the pollution problems due to lack of potential for normal disposal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prospects of development and practical implementation of a system of recycling used batteries and lead-containing batteries, in the context of assessing the potential economic impact of minimising environmental damage while fully implementing the objective. The methodological framework of this study comprises a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The application of methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction in this paper provides sufficient information about the existing principles of recovery of lead-containing batteries and accumulators. The method of generalisation involves the implementation of a qualitative assessment of the data obtained in this study. The method of modelling provides the display of the results obtained using appropriate schemes and diagrams. The available publications of several researchers engaged in scientific development of the issues of disposal of spent lead batteries and accumulators were analysed. The factors of the economic effect that can be achieved by the high-quality recycling of lead-containing batteries were investigated. An approximate assessment of the economic effect with a given direction to minimise damage to the environment was formed. The results obtained in this paper and the conclusions formulated on their basis have practical significance in terms of the prospects of increasing the volume of production of secondary lead by recycling of used batteries and reducing damage to the environment, when it is uncontrollably contaminated by secondary products of their use
Keywords
recycling of used batteries, industrial recycling, minimisation of environmental damage, economic efficiency of battery recycling, recycling of lead-containing batteries
[1] Akhmadova, H.F., Hasanova, F.G., Aliev, Z.M., & Shapiev, B.I. (2018). Recovery of lead from the metallized fraction of used battery scrap. Scientific Journal Dagestan State Pedagogical University. Natural and Exact Sciences, 5, 1-4.
[2] Bai, S., Kim, B., Kim, C., Tamwattana, O., Park, H., Kim, J., Lee, D., & Kang, K. (2021). Permselective metal-organic framework gel membrane enables long-life cycling of rechargeable organic batteries. Nature Nanotechnology, 16(1), 77-84. doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-00788-x.
[3] Bicer, Y., & Dincer, I. (2018). Life cycle environmental impact assessments and comparisons of alternative fuels for clean vehicles. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 141-157. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.036.
[4] Cao, D., Sun, X., Li, Q., Natan, A., Xiang, P., & Zhu, H. (2020). Lithium dendrite in all-solid-state batteries: Growth mechanisms, suppression strategies, and characterizations. Matter, 3(1), 57-94. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.015
[5] D’Adamo, I., Ferela, F., Gastaldi, M., Maggiore, F., Rosa, P., & Terzi, S. (2019). Towards sustainable recycling processes: Wasted printed circuit boards as a source of economic opportunities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149, 455-467. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.012.
[6] Danilov, А.А. (2014). State of the battery market. Economic Systems Management: Electronic Scientific Journal, 8, 1-11.
[7] Denisova, E.D. (2019). Construction of a battery recycling plant and its efficiency. Innovative Science, 1, 62-65.
[8] Denisova, E.D., & Pirogova, S.V. (2020). Logistics chain of investment project for construction of battery recycling plant in the Republic of Tatarstan. Economics and Business: Theory and Practice, 2(1), 86-88.
[9] Farhad, S., Gupta, R., Yasin, G., & Nguyen, T.A. (2022). Nano technology for battery recycling, remanufacturing, and reusing. Oxford: Elsevier.
[10] Garche, J., & Brandt, K. (2018). Electrochemical power sources: Fundamentals, systems, and applications. Oxford: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/C2015-0-00574-3.
[11] Garche, J., Karden, E., Moseley, P.T., & Rand, D.A.J. (2017). Lead-acid batteries for future automobiles. Oxford: Elsevier.
[12] Gupta, R., Nguyen, T.A., Song, H., & Yasin, G. (2022). Lithium-sulfur batteries. Oxford: Elsevier.
[13] Jin, C., Liu, T., Sheng, O., Li, M., Liu, T., Yuan, Y., Nai, J., & Tao, X. (2021). Rejuvenating dead lithium supply in lithium metal anodes by iodine redox. Nature Energy, 6(4), 378-387. doi: 10.1038/s41560-021-00789-7.
[14] Kim, H., Mattinen, U., Guccini, V., Liu, H., Salazar-Alvarez, G., Lindström, R.W., Lindbergh, G., & Cornell, A. (2020). Feasibility of chemically modified cellulose nanofiber membranes as lithium-ion battery separators. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 12(37), 41211-41222. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c08820.
[15] Kumaravel, V., Bartlett, J., & Pillai, S.C. (2021). Solid electrolytes for high-temperature stable batteries and supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials, 11(3), article number 2002869. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002869.
[16] Levchenko, I., &Britchenko, I. (2021). Estimation of state financial support for non-priority territorial units using the example of bridge construction. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1(13(109)), 26-34. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.225524.
[17] Li, C., Huang, Y., Feng, X., Zhang, Z., Gao, H., & Huang, J. (2021). Silica-assisted cross-linked polymer electrolyte membrane with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 594, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.128.
[18] Liu, T., Cheng, X., Yu, H., Zhu, H., Peng, N., Zheng, R., Zhang, J., & Shu, J. (2019). An overview and future perspectives of aqueous rechargeable polyvalent ion batteries. Energy Storage Materials, 18, 68-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.09.027.
[19] Liu, Z., Qin, L., Chen, X., Xie, X., Zhu, B., Gao, Y., Zhou, M., & Liang, S. (2021). Improving stability and reversibility via fluorine doping in aqueous zinc-manganese batteries. Materials Today Energy, 22, article number 100851. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100851.
[20] Lizundia, E., & Kundu, D. (2021). Advances in natural biopolymer-based electrolytes and separators for battery applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(3), article number 2005646. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202005646.
[21] Ma, L., Chen, S., Long, C., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, Z., Huang, Z., & Zhi, C. (2019). Achieving high-voltage and high-capacity aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery by incorporating two-species redox reaction. Advanced Energy Materials, 9(45), article number 1902446. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902446.
[22] Manthiram, A. (2020). A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry. Nature Communications, 11(1), article number 1550. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15355-0.
[23] Meng, N., Lian, F., & Cui, G. (2021). Macromolecular design of lithium conductive polymer as electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. Small, 17(3), article number 2005762. doi: 10.1002/smll.202005762.
[24] Mir, S., & Dhawan, N. (2022). A comprehensive review on the recycling of discarded printed circuit boards for resource recovery. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 178, article number 106027. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106027.
[25] Mittal, N., Ojanguren, A., Cavasin, N., Lizundia, E., & Niederberger, M. (2021). Transient rechargeable battery with a high lithium transport number cellulosic separator. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(33), article number 2101827. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202101827.
[26] Molina, A., Patil, N., Ventosa, E., Liras, M., Palma, J., & Marcilla, R. (2020). New anthraquinone-based conjugated microporous polymer cathode with ultrahigh specific surface area for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(6), article number 1908074. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201908074.
[27] Morachevsky, А.G. (2014). Used lead batteries are the most important source of secondary lead. Materials Science. Power Industry, 4(207), 127-137.
[28] Nowroozi, M.A., Mohammad, I., Molaiyan, P., Wissel, K., Munnangi, A.R., & Clemens, O. (2021). Fluoride ion batteries – past, present, and future. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(10), 5980-6012. doi: 10.1039/d0ta11656d.
[29] Popovic, J., Brandell, D., Ohno, S., Hatzell, K.B., Zheng, J., & Hu, Y.-Y. (2021). Polymer-based hybrid battery electrolytes: Theoretical insights, recent advances and challenges. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(10), 6050-6069. doi: 10.1039/d0ta11679c.
[30] Prasad, M.N.V., & Vithanage, M. (2019). Electronic waste management and treatment technology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. doi: 10.1016/C2017-0-03655-8.
[31] Rovin, S.L., & Ohremchuk, S.S. (2013). Addressing battery scrap recovery and lead production in Belarus. Casting and Metallurgy, 3(71), 87-89.
[32] Saldaña, G., Martín, J.I.S., Zamora, I., Asensio, F.J., & Oñederra, O. (2019). Analysis of the current electric battery models for electric vehicle simulation. Energies, 12(14), article number 2750. doi: 10.3390/en12142750.
[33] Shea, J.J., & Luo, C. (2020). Organic electrode materials for metal ion batteries. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 12(5), 5361-5380. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b20384.
[34] Smyrnov, O., Borysenko, A., Trynova, I., Levchenko, I., Marchenko, A. (2020). Determining the technical and economic parameters for designing hybrid power units for the budget segment. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1(8(103)), 43-49.
[35] Sun, J., Yao, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Hou, C., Shi, Q., & Wang, H. (2020). Facilitating interfacial stability via bilayer heterostructure solid electrolyte toward high-energy, safe and adaptable lithium batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 10(31), article number 2000709. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202000709
[36] Tabelin, C.B., Park, I., Phengsaart, T., Jeon, S., Villacorte-Tabelin, M., Alonso, D., Yoo, K., Ito, M., & Hiroyoshi, N. (2021). Copper and critical metals production from porphyry ores and E-wastes: A review of resource availability, processing/recycling challenges, socio-environmental aspects, and sustainability issues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 170, article number 105610.
[37] Torabi, F., & Ahmadi, P. (2019). Simulation of battery systems. London: Academic Press.
[38] Tran, H.P., Schaubroeck, T., Swart, P., Six, L., Coonen, P., & Dewulf, J. (2018). Recycling portable alkaline/ZnC batteries for a circular economy: An assessment of natural resource consumption from a life cycle and criticality perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 265-278. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.018.
[39] Wang, S., Fernandez, C., Chunmei, Y., Yongcun, F., Wen, C., Stroe, D-I., & Chen, Z. (2021). Battery system modeling. Oxford: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/C2020-0-03232-9.
[40] Xu, C., Yang, Z., Zhang, X., Xia, M., Yan, H., Li, J., Yu, H., & Shu, J. (2021). Prussian blue analogues in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries. Nano-Micro Letters, 13(1), article number 166. doi: 10.1007/s40820-021-00700-9.